English 
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Refinement of carbides+uniform distribution of coarse network carbides in the as cast state; Forging (multi-directional upsetting) breaks and disperses it, eliminates anisotropy, avoids blade breakage/cracking, and increases toughness by 30% -50% compared to the as cast state.
High density, no loose pores. High temperature forging and welding with internal looseness and pores, dense structure, higher strength, tensile strength ≥ 1900MPa, significantly better fatigue and impact resistance than rolled plates.
High hardness+super wear-resistant after quenching, with a hardness of 58-62HRC and a large amount of high hardness chromium/vanadium carbides (2000-2200HV). The wear resistance is 3-4 times that of low-alloy tool steel, and the mold life can reach 100000-1 million times.
Strong hardenability, large cross-section hard and transparent high chromium+molybdenum vanadium alloying, complete hardenability for cross-sections ≤ 400mm, uniform hardness of the core and surface, suitable for large and complex molds.
Small heat treatment deformation, stable size forging+optimized composition, uniform martensitic transformation, minimal quenching deformation (micro deformed steel), and few precision mold repairs.
Good tempering stability, resistance to secondary hardening caused by softening molybdenum vanadium, high hardness maintained at 300-400 ℃, softening temperature at heat ≈ 520 ℃, suitable for warm working and high-frequency friction conditions.
GB | JIS | ASTM | UNS | DIN | W-Nr. | ГOCT | SS |
Cr12MoV | SKD11 | 一 | 一 | X165CrMoV12 | 1.2601 | X12M | 2310 |
element | C | Si | Mn | Cr | V | Mo | S,P |
scope | 1.45~1.70 | ≤0.40 | ≤0.40 | 11.0~12.5 | 0.15~0.30 | 0.40~0.60 | ≤0.03 |
Heat treatment state | Hardness (HRC) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Impact AKV (J) |
Quenching + Tempering at 200℃ | 60～64 | 2300～2500 | 10-15 |
Quenching + Tempering at 400℃ | 55～58 | 1900–2100 | 15-20 |
Quenching + Tempering at 600℃ | 45～50 | 1200～1400 | 25-30 |
Preheating: 750-850 ℃, fully burned through (poor thermal conductivity, anti cracking)
Heating: 1080-1120 ℃, insulation for 1.5-2 min/mm (to prevent overheating/overburning)
Initial forging: 1050-1100 ℃ (steel ingots can be forged at 1100-1150 ℃)
Final forging: 850-900 ℃ (≥ 820 ℃, insufficient plasticity to prevent cracking)
Cooling: Pit cooling/sand cooling after forging (slow cooling to prevent cracking, avoid air cooling)
Upsetting: Axial compression to 1/2-2/3 of the original height, crushing surface carbides
Pulling length: Reverse pulling length, forging ratio ≥ 2, unidirectional fiber dispersion
Repetition: Three way upsetting+elongation (≥ 3 rounds), uniform distribution of carbides
Strike principle (two light and one heavy)
＞ 1050 ℃: Lightly tap (to prevent overheating and tearing)
950-1050 ℃: Heavy impact (efficient crushing of carbides)
<950 ℃: Lightly tap (anti cracking)
Uneven carbide (strip/mesh): multi-directional upsetting, compliant final forging temperature, sufficient forging ratio
Surface/internal cracking: insufficient preheating, rapid heating, low final forging, heavy impact
Coarse grain size: overheating during heating, excessive insulation, and high final forging
Decarbonization: control of heating furnace atmosphere and optimization of insulation time
Heating: 860 ℃ × 3-4 hours
Isothermal: 750 ℃ × 6-8 hours
Cooling: ≤ 500 ℃, hardness ≤ 241HBW (23HRC), easy to machine
Automobile: transmission gear cold extrusion die, body cover stretching die.
Electronics: 3C precision stamping molds, terminal/connector molds.
Hardware: standard cold heading die, stainless steel stretching die.
General machinery: wear-resistant parts such as high load gears, camshafts, bearings, etc.
